2/26/15

Note 2/26/15

Ø  What makes compassion work?

-equity

-self disclosure

Ex Both are vacuuming

Ø  Altruism

-unselfish regard for the welfare of others

-bystander effect (bystanders less willing to help if there are other bystander around)

-Kitty Genovese case

Ø  Social Exchange Theory

-the idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize the benefits and minimize the cost.

Ø  Peacemaking

-give people super ordinate (or share goal) that can only be achieve through cooperation.

-Grit conflict solution (Graduated and Reciprocal Initiatives in tension reduction)

notes 2/25/15

Notes 2/25/15

Ø  Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Ø  Aggression

-Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Ø  The biology of aggression

-genetics

-neutral influences (is aggression in the brain)

-biochemical

Ø  The psychology of aggression

Frustration-aggression Principle

-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal

-creates anger which generates aggression

Goals can be sports or work, relationship, body condition, etc…

Ø  Conflict

-a perceived incompatibility of action, goals or ideas

- Situation where people must choose between an act that is beneficial to themselves but harmful to others and an act that is moderately beneficial to all.

-social trap or prisoner’s dilemma

Ø  Attraction 5 factors of attraction…

1.       Proximity

-          Repeated exposure to something breed liking.

-          Geographic nearness

-          Mere exposure effect

-          Ex: Taiwanese Letters

2.       Reciprocal Liking

-you are more likely to like someone who likes you.

-why?

-except in elementary school!!!!

3.       Similarity

-Paula Abdul was wrong-opposites do not attract

-birds of the same feather do flock together

-similarity breeds content

4.       Liking through association

5.       Physical Attractiveness

Ø  Love

-passion love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption of another

-compassionate love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. 

Group Influence on Behavior

*Social Facilitation*

• Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others.
• occurs with simple or well learned tasks
• not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

*Yerkes-Dodson Law*

• There is an optional level of  for the best performance of any task easy task---relatively high 
• difficult tasks---low arousal
• other tasks---moderate level

*Social Loafing*

• That tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable. 

*Deindividuation* 

• The loss of self awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

*Group Polarization*

• The concept that a group's attitude s one of extremes and rarely moderate

*Group think*

• The mode of thinking that occurs hen the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides common sense.

* Self- Fulfilling Prophecies

• Occurs whenever a person's belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.

Social Thinking: Crash Course Psychology #37

Social Psychology Notes 2/18/15

Social Psychology 

"The Study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another."

*Social Thinking*
(How do we think about one another?)

*Attribution Theory*

• The idea that we give a casual explanation for someone's behavior.
• We credit that behavior either to the situation or...
• To the person's disposition

*Fundamental Attribution Error*

• The tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of person disposition.

-ex:How do you view your teacher behavior?You probably attribute it to their personality rather than their profession.

*Attitudes

• A belief feeling that predisposes one to respond in  a particular way to something.
• Does your attitudes guide our action?Only if...

-External pressure is minimal

-We're aware of our attitudes 

 The attitude is relevant to the behavior

*Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

• The tendency for people who have first agreed t a small request to comply later with a larger request. 

*Door-in-face phenomenon

• The tendency for people who say not to a huge request, to comply with a smaller one.

*Zimbardo Prison Study 

• Role playing affects attitudes. What do you think happened when college students were made to take roles of prison guards and inmates.

Psychological Research - Crash Course Psychology #2

Research Method Notes

Research Method

1.    Hypothesis: expresses a relationship between two variables.

2.    Independent Variable: whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

3.    Dependent Variable: what ever is being measured in the experiment.

4.    Operational Definition: explain what you mean in your hypothesis. how will the variables be measured in "real life" terms.

5.    Hindsight Bias: the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you knew all along.

6.    Overconfidence: we tend to think we know more than we do.

7.    The Barnum Effect: the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.

8.    Sampling: identify the population you want to study. The sample must be representative of the population you want to study.

9.    Experimental Method: looking to prove causal relationships. Cause = Effect

10. Confounding Variable: anything that could cause a change in B, that is not A.

11. Survey Method: most common type of study in psychology. Measure correlation. Cheap and fast. Need a good random sample.

12. Naturalistic Observation: watch subjects in their natural environment. Do not manipulate the environment.

13. Correlation Coefficient: a number that measures the strength of a relationship. Range is from -1 to +1. The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero.

14. Case Studies: a detailed picture of one or a few subjects. Tells us a great story...but is just descriptive research. Does not even give us correlation data.

15. Hawthorne Effect: just the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change.

16. Correlation Method: expresses a relationship between two variable. Does not show causation.

a.    Positive Correlation: the variables go in the SAME direction.

b.    Negative Correlation: the variables go in opposite direction.

17. Applied vs. Basic research

a.    Applied Research has clear, practical applications. YOU CAN USE IT!!!

b.    Basic Research expose questions that you may be curious about, but not intended to be immediately used.

18. Statistics: recording the results from out studies.

19. Mean(most common), median(average), mode(middle)

20. Descriptive Statistics: just describes set of data.

21. Other Measures of Variability

a.    Standard Deviation: the variance of scores around the mean.

b.    The higher the variance is, the more spread out the distribution is

Review Practice

Questions Review
1. What are the three measures of central tendency?
-mean,medium,mode
2. Out of the following numbers what is 3? 2 5 6 7 3 8 3 1
-  mode
3. which central measure of tendency also means average?
-mean
4. If I take the highest score and subtract the lowest score I am left with the ____?
-range
5. What is the mean of these scores? 10 3 2 4 6
-5
6.Between mean, medium and mode, which is most commonly used?
-mean
7. What measure is most affected by extreme scores?
- mean
8. If i test into the 90th percentile for height what does that mean?
- Higher than 90%
9. If i want to study the behavior of one individual what method am i most likely to use?
-case study
10. Which method manipulates factor to reveal the outcome?
-experimental
11. What method explores cause ad effect?
-experimental
12. I am told to research the behavior of monkeys. I decide to go to the zoo and watch them in their own habitat. This would be known as ____________.
-Naturalistic Observation
13. If I want to get the most accurate personal attitudes or opinions on a particular issue I can use the ___method.
-survey
14. All the people in whom i am taking my results from are known as the _______.
-sample