Intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Is socially constructed thus... Can be culturally specific
Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?
To find out sciwntists use Factor Analysis: A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
Charles Spearman used F A to discovery his g or (general intelligence)
Multiple Intelligences: Howard Gardber disagreed with Spearman's g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences
He cane up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited ability but is exceptional in one area)
Gardners Multiple Intelligences:
Visual/Spatial
Verbal/Lunguistic
Logical/Mathematical
Bodily/Kinesrheric
Musical/Rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Natural
Sternberg three aspects of intelligence
Gardner Simplified
Analytical (acqdemic problem solving)
Creative (generating novel ideas)
Practical (required for everydayvtasks where multiplensolutions exist)
Emotional Intelligence
First called social intelligence
The ability to perceive express understand and regulate emotions
some studies show EQ to be a great future success and I Q
Brain size intelligence is there a link?
Small +.15 correlation between size intelligent scores (relative to body size)
we found .44 correlation with brain size and IQ score
Brain Function and Intelligence
Higher performing brains use less acrive than lower performjng brains (use less glucose)
Neurological speed is also a bit quicker
How do we Assess intelligence?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out The concept called a mental age (what a person a particular age should know)
They discovered that by discovering someones mental age they can predict future performance
Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Weshsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 subtests and cues us in to strengths by using factor analysis
Aptitude v. Achievement tests
Aptitude: A test designed to predict a persons future perfornance
The ability for that person to learn
Achievement: A test designed to assess what a persob has learned
How do we construct Intelligence tests?
Teats must be Standaridized, Reliable, Valid
Standardization: The test must be pretested to a representatuve sample of people and form a normal distributation or bell curve
Flynn Effect: Intelligence test performance has been rising
Relaibaility: The extent which a test yields consistent results over time
Split halves or test restest method
Valadity: The extent to which is a text to measure what it is supposed to measure
Content Validity:  does the test sample at behavior of interest
Does Intelligence Change by time?
By age 3; a childs IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores
Depends in the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid
Extrenes of Intelligence
Grouo differences in intelligenxe test scores
The bell curve is different for whites v. black
math scores are dufferent across genders and the highest scores are for the asian males
Why? nature or nature
Test bias?
Tests do discriminate but some argue that there sole purpose is to discriminate.
We have to look at the type of discrimination
Thinking
prototypes:or best example of a category
if he knew object is similar to our prototype we are better able to recognize it
Algorithms: a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Wgat are the benefits and dentrimebts of algorithms?
obstacles to problem-solving
Match problem
fixation:  The inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Mebtal Set:
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially if it has worked in the past
may or may not be a good thing
Types of Heyristics
overconfidence: The tendency to be more confident than correct overestimate the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments
cognition: another term for thinking knowing and remembering
maybe by studying the way we think we can eventually think better
how to resolve problems?
heuristica:  role of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
shortcut that could be prone to errors

State of the mind
• Sleep
- Is a state of consciousness
- We are less aware of our surroundings


• Conscious –subconscious –unconscious


• Daydream vs fantasies (both able to control it )


• Why do we daydream

- Help prepare for future events

- They can nourish our social development

- Can substitute for impulsive behavior

Biological rhythms
- Annual cycles: seasonal variations(bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)
- 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle
- 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm
- 90 minutes cycle : sleep cycles

Circadian rhythm
- our 24 hour biological clock
- Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day
- It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks

Sleep stages
- There are 5 identified stages of sleep
- It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages
- The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in
- The first four stages are known as NREM sleep
- The fifth stage is called the ReM sleep

Language
Our spoken written or gestured words and the way we combining them in communication


Phonemes
In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Morphemes
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
Can be a word or part of a word ( prefix or suffix)


Grammar
A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others

Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language
Adding Ed at the end of the words means past tense

Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

Language development
Babbling stage: starting at 3-4 months, the infant makes spontaneous sounds. Not limited to the phonemes of the infant’s household language.

One word stage: 1-2 years old, uses one word to communicate big meanings

Two word stage: at age 2, uses two words to communicate meanings- called telegraphic speech.


Skinner
• Skinner thought that we can explain language development through social learning theory.


Chomsky
• In born universal grammar
• We acquire language too quickly for it to be learned.
• We have this “learning box” inside our heads that enable us to learn any human language.

Whorf’s linguistic relativity
The idea that Language determines the way we think( not give versa)

Thinking without language
• We can think in words
• But more often we think in mental pictures.


Kohler’s chimpanzees

5/12/15
Stage 1
- Kind of awake and kind of asleep
- Only lasts a few minutes, and you usually only experience it once a night
- Eye begins to roll slightly
- Your brain produces theta waves( high amplitude, low frequency slow)

Stage 2
- His follows stage 1 sleep is the “baseline” of sleep
- This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60%. Of sleep
- More theta waves that get progressively slower
- Begin to show sleep spindles…short burst of rapid brain waves

Stage 3&4
- Slow wave sleep
- You produce delta waves
- If awoken you will be very groggy
- Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health

Rem Sleep
- Rapid eye movement
- Often called paradoxical sleep
- Brain is very active
- Dreams usually occur in REM
- Body is essentially paralyzed
Stage 5
- Compose 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep
- Breathing,heart rate and brain wave activity quicken
- Vivd dreams can occur
- For rem, you go back to stage 2